Charles Galton Darwin

Charles Galton Darwin
Charles Galton Darwin

Charles Galton Darwin (1887–1962)
Born December 18, 1887(1887-12-18)
Cambridge, England
Died December 31, 1962(1962-12-31) (aged 75)
Cambridge, England
Nationality English
Fields Physicist
Institutions National Physical Laboratory
Victoria University of Manchester
Royal Engineers
Christ's College, Cambridge
California Institute of Technology
University of Edinburgh
Manhattan Project
Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge
Academic advisors Ernest Rutherford
Niels Bohr
Known for Darwin–Fowler method
Darwin term of the Hamiltonian
Notes
He was the grandson of Charles Darwin and son of George Howard Darwin. he was the brother of Gwen Raverat and brother-in-law of Geoffrey Keynes.

Sir Charles Galton Darwin, KBE, MC, FRS[1] (18 December 1887–31 December 1962) was an English physicist, the grandson of Charles Darwin. He served as director of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) during the Second World War.

Contents

Early life

Darwin was born in Cambridge, England into a scientific dynasty, the son of the mathematician George Howard Darwin and the grandson of Charles Darwin. His mother was Maud du Puy of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His elder sister was the artist Gwen Raverat, and his younger sister Margaret married Geoffrey Keynes, the brother of the economist John Maynard Keynes. His younger brother William Robert Darwin was a London stockbroker. Darwin was educated at Marlborough College and, in 1910, he graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge in mathematics.

Career

He secured a post-graduate position at the Victoria University of Manchester, working under Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr on Rutherford's atomic theory. In 1912, his interests developed into using his mathematical skills assisting Henry Moseley on X-ray diffraction. His two 1914 papers on diffraction of X-rays from perfect crystals became often cited classics.

On the outbreak of World War I, he joined the Royal Engineers, where he worked on problems in ballistics. From 1919 to 1922 he was a lecturer and fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge where he worked with R.H. Fowler on statistical mechanics and, what came to be known as, the Darwin–Fowler method. He then worked for a year at the California Institute of Technology before becoming Tait Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh in 1924, working on quantum optics and magneto-optic effects. He was the first in 1928, to calculate the fine structure of the hydrogen atom under P.A.M. Dirac's relativistic theory of the electron.

In 1936 Darwin became master of Christ's College, beginning his career as an active and able administrator, becoming director of the National Physical Laboratory on the approach of war in 1938. He served in the role into the post-war period, unafraid to seek improved laboratory performance through re-organisation, but spending much of the war years working on the Manhattan Project coordinating the American, British, and Canadian efforts.

He was appointed KBE in 1942.

Private life

In 1925 he married Katharine Pember, a mathematician. They had four sons and a daughter:

  • Cecily Darwin (born 1926) became an X-ray crystallographer and in 1951 married John Littleton of Philadelphia.
  • George Pember Darwin (1928–2001) worked developing computers, and then (1964) married Angela Huxley, daughter of David Bruce Huxley. She was also a granddaughter of the writer Leonard Huxley and a great-granddaughter of Thomas Huxley, "Darwin's Bulldog".
  • Henry Galton Darwin (1929–1992) was with the British Foreign Office, and married Jane Christie.
  • Francis William Darwin (1932–2001) was a zoologist and taught at the University of London, and married in 1974.
  • Edward Leonard Darwin (born 1934) became a civil engineer.

In his spare time, Darwin also served as a wartime vice-president of the Simplified Spelling Society.[2]

On his retirement, his attention turned to issues of population, genetics and eugenics. His conclusions were pessimistic and entailed a resigned belief in an inevitable Malthusian catastrophe, as described in his 1952 book The Next Million Years. He first argued in this book that voluntary birth control (family planning) establishes a selective system that ensures its own failure. The cause is that people with the strongest instinct for wanting children will have the largest families and they will hand on the instinct to their children, while those with weaker instincts will have smaller families and will hand on that instinct to their children. In the long run society will consist mainly of people with the strongest instinct to reproduce. This would ultimately have dysgeneic effects.[3]

In later years he travelled widely, an enthusiastic collaborator across national borders and an able communicator of scientific ideas. He died in Cambridge.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Thomson, G. P. (1963). "Charles Galton Darwin. 1887-1962". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 9: 69–26. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1963.0004.  edit
  2. ^ "The Simplified Spelling Society Officers and Committee Members". The Spelling Society. http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/pamflets/officers.php. Retrieved 2009-05-27. 
  3. ^ Carl Jay Bajema (ed) Eugenics. Then and Now, Dowden, Hutchinson, & Ross Inc. , 1976, p. 294-298.

External links

Academic offices
Preceded by
Norman McLean
Master of Christ's College, Cambridge
1936–1939
Succeeded by
Charles Earle Raven
Government offices
Preceded by
William Lawrence Bragg
Managing Director of the National Physical Laboratory
1938–1949
Succeeded by
Edward Bullard


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать курсовую

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Charles Galton Darwin — Sir Charles Galton Darwin (* 19. Dezember 1887 in Cambridge; † 31. Dezember 1962 ebenda) war ein englischer Physiker. Er war ein Sohn von George Howard Darwin und ein Enkel von Charles Darwin …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Charles Galton Darwin — Sir Charles Galton Darwin, Caballero del Imperio Británico, miembro de la Royal Society (*18 de diciembre de 1887–† 31 de diciembre de 1962) fue un …   Wikipedia Español

  • Charles Robert Darwin — Charles Darwin « Darwin » redirige ici. Pour les autres significations, voir Darwin (homonymie). Charles Darwin …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Charles Robert Darwin — Darwin im Alter von 51 Jahren, als er seine Evolutionstheorie veröffentlichte Charles Robert Darwin (* 12. Februar 1809 in Shrewsbury; † 19. April 1882 in Downe) war ein britischer Naturforscher. Er gilt wegen seiner we …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Darwin — ist der Familienname folgender Personen: Charles Darwin (1809–1882), Begründer der modernen Evolutionstheorie Bernard Darwin (1876–1961), Enkel von Charles Darwin; britischer Jurist, Sportjournalist und Schriftsteller Charles Galton Darwin… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Darwin (Familienname) — Darwin ist ein Familienname. Bekannte Namensträger Bernard Darwin (1876–1961), Enkel von Charles Darwin; britischer Jurist, Sportjournalist und Schriftsteller Charles Darwin (1809–1882), Begründer der modernen Evolutionstheorie Charles Galton… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Darwin — may refer to: Contents 1 People 2 Places 2.1 In Africa 2.2 …   Wikipedia

  • Galton (disambiguation) — Galton may refer to:People with the given name Galton:* Charles Galton Darwin (1887 ndash;1962), English physicist * Galton Blackiston (21st century), English chefPeople with the surname Galton:* Douglas Strutt Galton (1822 ndash;1899), British… …   Wikipedia

  • Charles E. Raven — Charles Earle Raven (4 July 1885 8 July 1964) was an English theologian, Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge University, and Master of Christ s College, Cambridge. His works have been influential in the history of science publishing on the… …   Wikipedia

  • Darwin–Wedgwood family — The Darwin–Wedgwood family is actually two interrelated English families, descended from the prominent 18th century doctor, Erasmus Darwin, and Josiah Wedgwood, founder of the pottery firm, Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, the most notable member of… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”